Instructions:
Select the single best answer to the numbered question.

Question # 1

A hormone that is involved in the regulation of adrenal steroid production is secreted by
A. cells of the adrenal medulla
B. anterior pituitary corticotropes
C. cells of the pancreatic islets
D. cells of the parathyroid gland
E. thyroid follicular cells
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Question # 2

Which of the following cells binds follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
A. spermatogonia
B. primary spermatocytes
C. secondary spermatocytes
D. spermatids
E. Sertoli cells
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Question # 3

Hormones are synthesized, stored and released by regulated exocytosis from
A. liver
B. exocrine pancreas
C. gall bladder
D. enteroendocrine cells
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Question # 4

Vitamin D
A. is produced in the dermis
B. is required for the incorporation of circulating calcium from the blood into the bones
C. deficiency results in premature calcification of growing bones
D. in excess causes the disease rickets
E. is essential for the uptake of calcium in the intestine
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Question # 5

All of the following features are shared by granulosa luetin cells and adrenal zona fasciculata cells EXCEPT
A. abundant dense core secretory granules
B. extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. numerous mitochondria
D. accumulations of lipid droplets
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Question # 6

When the cells of the exocrine pancreas are exposed to hormones from the enteroendocrine cells of the G.I. tract, they release
A. the enzyme enteropeptidase
B. the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
C. the glucoregulatory hormones insulin and glucagon
D. both a bicarbonate rich fluid and enzymes that are required for digestion
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Question # 7

All of the following statements are true for the endocrine cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas EXCEPT
A. hormone signals from the G.I. tract stimulate the release of inactive enzymes
B. the blood supply first reaches the insulin-producing cells in the core of the islet
C. the glucagon-producing cells are located in the periphery of the islet
D. paracrine communication serves to coordinate the responses of the endocrine cells
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Question # 8

The hypothalamic neurons that supply the posterior pituitary
A. synapse directly on their target cells
B. release either growth hormone or prolactin
C. contain neurosecretory granules that accumulate in axon terminals
D. release hormone into the hypophyseal portal blood system
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Question # 9

Hyperplasia of growth hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary is associated with
A. diabetes type 1
B. endemic goiter
C. acromegaly
D. adrenal hyperfunction
E. altered calcium homeostasis
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Question # 10

Cells that have extensive smooth ER, mitochondria and lipid droplets are likely
A. to be found in the adrenal medulla
B. to be involved in the synthesis of biogenic amines
C. to be involved in the synthesis of inactive zymogens
D. to be involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones
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Question # 11

All of the following are characteristics of the hypothalamic neurons that supply the posterior pituitary EXCEPT
A. they synapse directly on target cells
B. they secrete either oxytocin or vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
C. neurosecretory granules accumulate in terminal Herring bodies
D. hormone is released into the general circulatory system
E. they are supported by a type of glial cell known as pituicytes
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Question # 12

The synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by thyroid follicular cells requires all of the following EXCEPT
A. the processing of mature hormone in regulated secretory granules
B. the extracellular storage of an inactive precursor protein
C. the uptake of dietary iodide from the blood
D. the recovery of thyroglobulin from the lumen by endocytosis
E. stimulation by an anterior pituitary hormone
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Question # 13

The target cells for the endocrine hormones
A. possess receptors that bind specific hormones in the blood
B. respond to changes in hormone concentration in the blood
C. typically initiate a feedback response to the hormone
D. can respond to the temporal pattern (frequency) of hormone in the blood
E. all of the above
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Question # 14

Receptors that sense serum calcium levels are found in
A. cells of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
B. anterior pituitary somatotropes
C. cells of the pancreatic islets
D. cells of the parathyroid gland
E. thyroid follicular cells
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Question # 15

Which one of the following processes accounts for the low level of proinsulin normally found in circulating blood?
A. selective binding of proinsulin by A cells within the islet
B. efficient endocytosis of proinsulin in the liver
C. efficient conversion of proinsulin to insulin within maturing secretion granules
D. efficient conversion of proinsulin to insulin before exit from the ER
E. efficient processing of proinsulin by a serum protease immediately after exocytosis
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Question # 16

The hypophyseal portal veins comprise an essential route for releasing factor-mediated secretion of all the following pituitary hormones EXCEPT
A. ACTH
B. vasopressin
C. prolactin
D. growth hormone
E. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Question # 17

In response to decreases in serum calcium below normal levels, parathyroid chief cells
A. stop synthesizing parathyroid hormone
B. stop processing proparathyroid hormone
C. increase cell surface calcium receptors
D. increase parathyroid hormone secretion
E. stop dividing
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Question # 18

Which one of the following alternatives represents the correct pathway for synthesis, storage and secretion of biogenic amines like noradrenaline (norepinephrine)?
A. proteolysis from a polypeptide precursor, storage in granules, discharge by exocytosis
B. synthesis in smooth ER and miotochondria, release through the plasma membrane without storage
C. production by lysosomal degradation, diffusion through the plasma membrane without storage
D. synthesis from decarboxylated amino acids, uptake into secretion granules, discharge by exocytosis
E. production in the ER and passage through the intracellular transport pathway without storage
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Question # 19

which of the following cell types is easily recognized in the microscope by its rich cytoplasmic content of cholesteryl ester droplets?
A. cells of the adrenal zona fasciculata
B. A cells of the endocrine pancreas
C. thyroid folliclar cells
D. neurohypophyseal
E. none of the above
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Question # 20

Iodination of tyrosine residues during thyroid hormone synthesis occurs
A. during synthesis of tyrosyl-tRNA
B. co-translationally during translocation of thyroglobulin in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
C. afer discharge of thyroglobulin into the follicular lumen
D. within the lysosome during thyroglobulin degradation
E. at the basolateral plasma membrane during release of T3 or T4
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Question # 21

Which one of the following describes the relationship of thyroid follicuular and parafollicular cells?
A. parafollicular cells regulate thyroxine production in follicular cells
B. follicular cells regulate calcitonin production by parafollicular cells
C. parafolliclar cells produce the plasma carrier protein for thyroid hormone
D. parafollicular cells regulate iodine uptake by follicular cells
E. although closely juxtaposed, there is little or no direct functional interrelationship between the two cell types
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Question # 22

Interruption in the function of the hypophyseal portal system would have which one of the following effects?
A. inhibition of ejection of milk from the mammary gland
B. suppression of ovulation
C. stimulation of thyrotropin (TSH) secretion
D. stimulation of epinephrine secretion by the adrenal medulla
E. suppression of bone resorption
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Question # 23

The droplets that characteristically fill the cytoplasm of cells of the adrenal zona fasciculata contain
A. numerous low density lipoprotein receptors
B. lipofuscin
C. corticosteroid
D. cholesterol ester used for steroid synthesis
E. lysosomal hydrolases
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Question # 24

Steroid hormone receptors are characterized by which of the following?
A. multiple transmembrane spanning domains
B. association with heterotrimeric G proteins
C. ability to translocate into the nucleus after binding their ligand
D. ability to activate Phospholipase C
E. ability to activate adenylyl clyclase
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Question # 25

Endocrine signaling and synaptic signaling always share which one of the following characteristics
A. a specific class of cells releases a specific molecule by exocytosis
B. the receptors for the signaling molecule are on the cell surface
C. the signaling molecules are polypeptides
D. the signaling molecules are transported via the blood stream
E. the signaling molecules have transient (temporary) effects on their target cells.
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Question # 26

Parathyroid chief cells respond to low serum calcium by
A. discharging stored calcium into the blood
B. synthesizing calcitonin
C. synthesizing vitamin D
D. seceting more parathyroid hormone
E. differentiating into oxyphil cells
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Question # 27

Serotonin, like epinephrine, is a biogenic amine In enteroendorcrine cells that produce serotonin , most of the serotonin is found
A. associated with receptors in the nucleus
B. in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum
C. in secretion granules
D. free in the cytosol
E. bound to transporters in the plasma membrane
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Question # 28

Adrenal cortical cells typically contain abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This reflects their specialization for
A. synthesis and export of phospholipids
B. secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C. secretion of epinephrine (adrenalin)
D. production of steroid hormones
E. secretion of lipoproteins
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Question # 29

The hypophyseal portal system functions as part of the communication pathway in which one of the following processes?
A. glucose stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells
B. stimulation of vasopressin secretion from the neurohypophysis
C. stimulation of thyroxine secretion from thyroid follicular cells
D. release of catecholamines from adrenal medullary cells
E. secretion of parathyroid hormone
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Question # 30

If you immunolabeled the pancreas with an antibody to insulin, which one of the following results would you obtain?
A. staining of the majority of cells in all islets
B. staining of only the most peripheral cells in all islets
C. staining of some islets but not others
D. staining of both islet and acinar cells
E. no staining because islet cells immediately secrete all the insulin they produce
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Question # 31

In the anterior pituitary, gonadotropes
A. are directly contacted by processes of hypothalamic neurons that control their secretion
B. are the only cells that derive embryologically from the oral ectoderm
C. are distinguished from other pituitary cell types by not using exocytosis for release of hormone
D. can produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) or both FSH and LH
E. are one of the classes of acidophils
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Question # 32

Which of the following cellular events occur(s) in response to insulin secretion?
A. increased degradation of glycogen in hepatocytes
B. increased uptake of glucose from the gut lumen by intestinal enterocytes
C. increased uptake of glucose by adipocytes and muscle fibers
D. increased gluconeogenesis
E. all of the above
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Question # 33

Epinephrine secretion by adrenal medullary cells involves stimulation of
A. epinephrine synthesis and subsequent diffusion through the plasma membrane caused by corticosterone
B. exocytosis of epinephrine containing granules by corticosterone
C. exocytosis of epinephrine containing granules by acetylcholine
D. exocytosis of epinephrine containing granules by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
E. none of the above
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Question # 34

Which of the following statements is true for calcitonin-secreting cells?
A. they secrete calcitonin in response to low serum calcium
B. they are located either in the walls of follicles or in the interstitium between follicles
C. they regulate thyroglobulin production in follicular cells
D. they contain abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E. cancers involving these cells are unknown
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Question # 35

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates which of the following processes in thyroid follicular cells?
A. uptake of iodide from the blood plasma
B. synthesis of thyroglobulin
C. iodination of thyroglobulin
D. endocytosis of thyroglobulin
E. all of the above
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Question # 36

Patients with Graves' disease are hyperthyroid, mostly resulting from the production of circulating antibodies that structurally resemble TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin) and can bind and activate the TSH receptor. Which one of the following likely characterizes their plasma levels of thyroxine (T4) and TSH?
A. high T4 and low TSH
B. high T4, and high TSH
C. low T4 and high TSH
D. low T4 and low TSH
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Question # 37

Peptide hormones
A. are produced exclusively in specialized endocrine glands
B. are mostly secreted as inactive precursors and are activated by target tissues
C. can be stored in the same intracellular organelles as biogenic amines such as epinephrine
D. are cleared slowly from the circulation after secretion and thus remain effective for hours
E. translocate across the plasma membranes of target cells and bind to cytoplasmic receptors
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Question # 38

Vasopressin but not ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
A. requires enzymes located in mitochondria for its synthesis
B. is produced by processing of a high molecular weight hormone precursor
C. undergoes axonal transport before secretion
D. binds to a carrier protein in the blood plasma
E. stimulates steroid secretion by target cells
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Question # 39

When cells of the adrenal zona glomerulosa are exposed to angiotensin II, the major secretory product they release
A. stimulates ACTH secretion from the anterior pituitary
B. stimulates glycogen breakdown in hepatocytes
C. stimulates sodium recovery by distal tubules of renal nephrons
D. inhibits water recovery by collecting tubules of renal nephrons
E. accelerates spermatogenesis
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Question # 40

Iodinated thyroglobulin levels in the circulation are nearly always negligible because thyroglobulin
A. is efficiently filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine
B. is rapidly phagocytosed by macrophages
C. undergoes efficient transcytosis in the liver and is excreted in bile
D. never leaves the lumen of the thyroid follicle
E. is mostly degraded in lysosomes of follicular cells
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Question # 41

Which of the following is released from the axon terminals in the pars nervosa [posterior pituitary]?
A. Vasopressin
B. Corticotropin
C. Growth hormone releasing factor
D. Thyroxine [T4]
E. Estrogen
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Question # 42

Releases glucagon in response to hypoglycemia
A. Pancreatic A [alpha] cells
B. Pars distalis [anterior pituitary]
C. Adrenal medulla
D. Adrenal cortex
E. Pancreatic B [beta] cells
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Question # 43

In the islets of Langerhans
A. the alpha cells out-number the peripheral beta cells
B. the delta cells produce glucagon
C. the delta cells are destroyed in type I diabetes
D. the insulin producing beta cells are located in the core
E. there are extensive intercalated ducts
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Question # 44

Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in the
A. pars distalis
B. hypothalamus
C. pars nervosa
D. pars intermedia
E. infundibulum
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Question # 45

In this diagram of the Adrenal, Layers A, B and C comprise the adrenal cortex; D is the adrenal medulla. The layer that is recognizable because of the very obvious cytoplasmic lipid droplets is:

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. All of the above
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Question # 46

In this diagram of the Adrenal, Layers A, B and C comprise the adrenal cortex; D is the adrenal medulla. Biogenic amines are released by exocytosis from which layer(s)?

A. A only
B. B only
C. B and C only
D. C only
E. D only
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Answer：
1.B 2.E 3.D 4.E 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.D
11.A 12.A 13.E 14.D 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.D 19.A 20.C
21.E 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.E 26.D 27.C 28.D 29.C 30.A
31.D 32.C 33.C 34.B 35.E 36.A 37.C 38.C 39.C 40.E
41.A 42.A 43.D 44.B 45.B 46.E